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A–Z Title List
17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions 18th Century British Aesthetics 18th Century French Aesthetics 18th Century German Aesthetics 18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant 19th and 20th Century Chilean Philosophy 19th Century Romantic Aesthetics 20th Century Theories of Scientific Explanation ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi Abduction Abhidharma Abilities Abner of Burgos Abraham Ibn Daud Abraham Ibn Ezra Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Classical Theories Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Post-Newtonian Theories Abstract Objects Abu Bakr al-Razi Action Action-based Theories of Perception Action at a Distance in Quantum Mechanics Actualism and Possibilism in Ethics Adam de Wodeham Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy Adaptationism Adolf Reinach Advance Directives and Substitute Decision-Making Aesthetic Experience Aesthetic Judgment Aesthetics and Cognitive Science Aesthetics in Chinese Philosophy: Painting and Calligraphy Aesthetics in Critical Theory Aesthetics of the Everyday Aesthetic Testimony Affirmative Action Africana Philosophy African Ethics African Sage Philosophy Afterlife Agency Agent-Based Modeling in the Philosophy of Science Akan Philosophy of the Person al-Fārābī’s Metaphysics al-Farabi al-Farabi’s Philosophy of Logic and Language al-Farabi’s Philosophy of Society and Religion al-Farabi’s Psychology and Epistemology al-Ghazali al-Kindi Alain LeRoy Locke Alan Turing Alberic of Paris Albert Camus Albert of Saxony Albert the Great Alcmaeon Alexander Crummell Alexander of Aphrodisias Alexander von Humboldt Alexius Meinong Alfred Jules Ayer Alfred North Whitehead Alfred Schutz Alfred Tarski Algebra Algebraic Propositional Logic Algorithmic Fairness Alienation Alonzo Church Alternative Axiomatic Set Theories Altruism Ambiguity Ammonius Analogy and Analogical Reasoning Analysis Analytical Marxism Analytic Feminism Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India Analytic Philosophy in Latin America Anaphora Anarchism Anaxagoras Ancient and Medieval Empiricism Ancient Atomism Ancient Ethical Theory Ancient Logic Ancient Political Philosophy Ancient Skepticism Ancient Theories of Freedom and Determinism Ancient Theories of Soul Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius Animal Cognition Animal Communication Animal Consciousness Animalism Animal Social Cognition Anna Julia Cooper Anomalous Monism Anselm of Canterbury Anthony Collins Antiochus of Ascalon Antoine Arnauld Antoine Le Grand Antonio Gramsci Antonio Rosmini Anton Marty A Priori Justification and KnowledgeA Priorism in Moral Epistemology Aquinas’ Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy Arabic and Islamic Metaphysics Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Mathematics Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Religion Arabic and Islamic Psychology and Philosophy of Mind Arcesilaus Archytas Argument and Argumentation Arguments for Incompatibilism Aristotelianism in the Renaissance Aristotle Aristotle and Mathematics Aristotle on Causality Aristotle on Non-contradiction Aristotle’s Aesthetics Aristotle’s Biology Aristotle’s Categories Aristotle’s De Motu Animalium Aristotle’s Ethics Aristotle’s Logic Aristotle’s Metaphysics Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy Aristotle’s Political Theory Aristotle’s Psychology Aristotle’s Rhetoric Arrow’s Theorem Arthur Prior Arthur Schopenhauer Artifact Artificial Intelligence Assertion Associationist Theories of Thought Atheism and Agnosticism Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century Atonement Attention Auditory Perception Auguste Comte Augustine of Hippo August Wilhelm Rehberg August Wilhelm von Schlegel Authenticity Authority Automated Reasoning Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy Axiomatic Theories of Truth ʿAyn al-Qudat Ayn Rand Backward Causation Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat Baruch Spinoza Basil [Cardinal] Bessarion Bayesian Epistemology Bayes’ Theorem Beardsley’s Aesthetics Beauty Behaviorism Being and Becoming in Modern Physics Belief Belief Merging and Judgment Aggregation Bell’s Theorem Benjamin Peirce Bernard Bolzano Bernard Bosanquet Bernardino Telesio Bernard Mandeville Bernard Williams Bertrand Russell Binarium Famosissimum Biodiversity Bioethics in Latin America Biological Altruism Biological Individuals Biological Information Black Reparations Blaise Pascal Blame Bodily Awareness Boethius of Dacia Bohmian Mechanics Bohr’s Correspondence Principle Boltzmann’s Work in Statistical Physics Bolzano’s Logic Bonaventure Boundary Bounded Rationality Bradley’s Moral Philosophy Bradley’s Regress Branching Time Brentano’s Theory of Judgement Bruno Bauer Buddha Business Ethics Byzantine Philosophy Callicles and Thrasymachus Cancer Carl Hempel Carl Schmitt Carl Stumpf Carneades Categories Category Mistakes Category Theory Catharine Macaulay Catharine Trotter Cockburn Causal Approaches to Scientific Explanation Causal Decision Theory Causal Determinism Causal Models Causal Theories of Mental Content Causation and Manipulability Causation in Arabic and Islamic Thought Causation in Physics Causation in the Law Cellular Automata Certainty Ceteris Paribus LawsChallenges to Metaphysical Realism Chan Buddhism Chance versus Randomness Change and Inconsistency Chaos Charles Hartshorne Charles Leslie Stevenson Charles Sanders Peirce Charlie Dunbar Broad Chauncey Wright Children’s Rights Chinese Ethics Chinese Philosophy and Chinese Medicine Chinese Philosophy of Change (Yijing) Christian von Ehrenfels Christian Wolff Church’s Type Theory Cicero Citizenship Civic Education Civic Humanism Civil Disobedience Civil Rights Clarence Irving Lewis Classical Logic Climate Justice Climate Science Cloning Coercion Cognitive Disability and Moral Status Cognitive Science Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification Collapse Theories Collective Intentionality Collective Responsibility Collingwood’s Aesthetics Colonialism Color Combinatory Logic Combining Logics Commentators on Aristotle Common Ground in Pragmatics Common Knowledge Communitarianism Comparative Philosophy: Chinese and Western Comparative Philosophy of Religion Compatibilism Compositionality Computability and Complexity Computational Complexity Theory Computational Linguistics Computational Philosophy Computation in Physical Systems Computer Simulations in Science Computing and Moral Responsibility Concepts Concepts of Disease and Health Conceptual Art Condemnation of 1277 Confirmation Confucius Connectionism Connexive Logic Conscience Consciousness Consciousness and Intentionality Consequentialism Consequentializing Conservation Biology Conservatism Constitutionalism Constructive Empiricism Constructive Mathematics Constructivism in Metaethics Constructivism in Political Philosophy Contemporary Africana Philosophy Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract Content Externalism and Skepticism Continental Feminism Continuity and Infinitesimals Contractarianism Contractualism Contradiction Convention Conventionality of Simultaneity Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Corruption Cosmological Argument Cosmology: Methodological Debates in the 1930s and 1940s Cosmology and Theology Cosmopolitanism Counterfactuals Counterfactual Theories of Causation Count Paul Yorck von Wartenburg Creation and Conservation Creationism Creativity Critical Disability Theory Critical Philosophy of Race Critical Theory (Frankfurt School) Critical Thinking Croce’s Aesthetics Cultural Evolution Culture Culture and Cognitive Science Curry’s Paradox Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] Dai Zhen Dante Alighieri Daoism Darwin: From the Origin of Species to the Descent of Man Darwinism David David Hartley David Hume David Lewis David Lewis’s Metaphysics Death Decision-Making Capacity Decision Theory Dedekind’s Contributions to the Foundations of Mathematics Deductivism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Defaults in Semantics and Pragmatics Defeasible Reasoning Definitions Deflationism About Truth Dehumanization Delusion Democracy Democritus Denis Diderot Deontic Logic Deontological Ethics Dependence Logic Depiction Descartes and the Pineal Gland Descartes’ Epistemology Descartes’ Ethics Descartes’ Life and Works Descartes’ Mathematics Descartes’ Method Descartes’ Modal Metaphysics Descartes’ Ontological Argument Descartes’ Physics Descartes’ Theory of Ideas Descriptions Descriptive Decision Theory Desert Desiderius Erasmus Desire Determinables and Determinates Developmental Biology Dewey’s Aesthetics Dewey’s Moral Philosophy Dewey’s Political Philosophy Dharmakīrti Diagrams and Diagrammatical Reasoning Dialectical School Dialetheism Dialogical Logic Dietrich of Freiberg Dignity Diodorus Cronus Disability: Definitions and Models Disability and Health Care Rationing Disability and Justice Disability and Well-Being Disagreement Discourse Representation Theory Discrimination Disjunction Dispositions Distributive Justice Distributive Justice and Empirical Moral Psychology Divine Freedom Divine Illumination Divine Providence Divine Revelation Divine Simplicity Doctrine of Double Effect Doing vs. Allowing Harm Domination Donald Cary Williams Donald Davidson Double Consciousness Doxastic Voluntarism Doxography of Ancient Philosophy Dreams and Dreaming Dualism Dutch Book Arguments Dynamic Choice Dynamic Epistemic Logic Dynamic Semantics Early Modern Rationalism Early Philosophical Interpretations of General Relativity Ecological Genetics Ecology Economic Democracy Economics in Early Modern Philosophy Edith Landmann-Kalischer Edith Stein Edmund Burke Edmund Husserl Egalitarianism Egoism Einstein’s Philosophy of Science Elias Elijah Delmedigo Eliminative Materialism Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia Embodied Cognition Emergent Properties Émilie du Châtelet Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones Emmanuel Levinas Emotion Emotional Responses to Fiction Emotions in the Christian Tradition Empathy Empedocles Empirical Approaches to Altruism Empirical Approaches to Moral Character Empirical Approaches to Moral Responsibility Enlightenment Environmental Aesthetics Environmental Ethics Envy Epictetus Epicurus Epiphenomenalism Episteme and Techne Epistemic Closure Epistemic Contextualism Epistemic Foundations of Game Theory Epistemic Logic Epistemic Paradoxes Epistemic Self-Doubt Epistemic Utility Arguments for Epistemic Norms Epistemological Problems of Memory Epistemological Problems of Perception Epistemological Problems of Testimony Epistemology Epistemology in Chinese Philosophy Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy Epistemology in Latin America Epistemology of Geometry Equality Equality of Educational Opportunity Equality of Opportunity Ernst Bloch Ernst Cassirer Ernst Mach Ernst Mally Erotic Art Essence and Existence in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy Essential vs. Accidental Properties Eternity in Christian Thought Ethics in Indian Buddhism Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Ethics of Stem Cell Research Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Eugenics Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Events Everettian Quantum Mechanics Evidence Evolution Evolution and Development Evolutionary Approaches to Religion Evolutionary Epistemology Evolutionary Game Theory Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Thought Before Darwin Existence Existentialism Existentialist Aesthetics Experimental Jurisprudence Experimental Moral Philosophy Experimental Philosophy of Art and Aesthetics Experiment in Biology Experiment in Physics Exploitation Externalism About the Mind Externalism and Self-Knowledge Facts Faith Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Fallacies Fatalism Federalism Feminist Aesthetics Feminist Bioethics Feminist Environmental Philosophy Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science Feminist Ethics Feminist History of Philosophy Feminist Metaphysics Feminist Moral Psychology Feminist Perspectives on Argumentation Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work Feminist Perspectives on Disability Feminist Perspectives on Globalization Feminist Perspectives on Objectification Feminist Perspectives on Power Feminist Perspectives on Rape Feminist Perspectives on Reproduction and the Family Feminist Perspectives on Science Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets Feminist Perspectives on the Body Feminist Perspectives on the Self Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues Feminist Philosophy Feminist Philosophy of Biology Feminist Philosophy of Language Feminist Philosophy of Law Feminist Philosophy of Religion Feminist Political Philosophy Feminist Social Epistemology Fiction Fictional Entities Fictionalism Fictionalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Fideism Fine-Tuning Finitism in Geometry First-order Model Theory Fitch’s Paradox of Knowability Fitness Fitting Attitude Theories of Value Folk Psychology as a Theory Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation Foreknowledge and Free Will Forgiveness Formal Approaches to Social Procedures Formal Epistemology Formalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Formal Learning Theory Formal Representations of Belief Form vs. Matter Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification Francesco Patrizi Francis Bacon Francisco Sanches Francisco Suárez Francis Herbert Bradley Francis Hutcheson Francis of Marchia François Poulain de la Barre Frank Ramsey Frantz Fanon Franz Brentano Franz Rosenzweig Frederick Douglass Freedom of Association Freedom of Speech Free Logic Free Will Frege’s Logic Frege’s Theorem and Foundations for Arithmetic Friedrich Albert Lange Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher Friedrich Hayek Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Schiller Friedrich Schlegel Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling Friendship Functionalism Fundamentality Future Contingents Fuzzy Logic Gabriel (-Honoré) Marcel Gadamer’s Aesthetics Galen Galileo Galilei Games, Full Abstraction and Full Completeness Game Theory Game Theory and Ethics Gaṅgeśa Gauge Theories in Physics Gelukpa [dge lugs pa] Gender in Confucian Philosophy Gene Generalized Quantifiers Generic Generalizations Genetic Drift Genetics Genomics and Postgenomics Georg [György] Lukács George Berkeley George Boole George Edward Moore George Eliot George Herbert Mead George Santayana Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg [Novalis] Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Géraud de Cordemoy Gershom Scholem Gersonides Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe Giacomo Zabarella Giambattista della Porta Giambattista Vico Gilbert Ryle Giles of Rome Gilles Deleuze Giordano Bruno Giovanni Francesco [Gianfrancesco] Pico della Mirandola Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Girolamo [Geronimo] Cardano Global Democracy Globalization Global Justice God and Other Necessary Beings God and Other Ultimates Godfrey of Fontaines Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems Gómez Pereira Goodman’s Aesthetics Gorampa [go rams pa] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottlob Frege Gratitude Greek Sources in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy Gregory of Rimini Group Rights Gustav Theodor Fechner Haecceitism Hannah Arendt Hans-Georg Gadamer Hans Reichenbach Hans Vaihinger Happiness Harold Arthur Prichard Harriet Taylor Mill Hasdai Crescas Hate Speech Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought Hedonism Hegel’s Aesthetics Hegel’s Dialectics Hegel’s Social and Political Philosophy Heidegger’s Aesthetics Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim Heinrich Rickert Heinrich Scholz Henri Bergson Henricus Regius Henri Poincaré Henry David Thoreau Henry Habberley Price Henry More Henry of Ghent Henry Sidgwick Heraclitus Herbert Feigl Herbert Marcuse Herbert Spencer Heritability Hermann Cohen Hermann Lotze Hermann von Helmholtz Hermann Weyl Hermeneutics Hiddenness of God Higher-Order Evidence Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness Hilbert’s Program Historicist Theories of Scientific Rationality History of the Ontology of Art History of Western Philosophy of Music: Antiquity to 1800 History of Western Philosophy of Music: since 1800 Hobbes’ Philosophy of Science Hobbes’s Moral and Political Philosophy Holes Holism and Nonseparability in Physics Homosexuality Hope Huayan Buddhism Hugo Grotius Human/Non-Human Chimeras Human Enhancement Human Nature Human Rights Hume on Free Will Hume on Religion Hume’s Aesthetics Hume’s Moral Philosophy Hume’s Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism Hybrid Logic Hyperintensionality Iamblichus Ibn ‘Arabī Ibn Bâjja [Avempace] Ibn Kammūna Ibn Rushd [Averroes] Ibn Rushd’s Natural Philosophy Ibn Sina [Avicenna] Ibn Sina’s Logic Ibn Sina’s Metaphysics Ibn Sina’s Natural Philosophy Ibn Taymiyya Idealism Identity Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory Identity Over Time Identity Politics Ideology Idiolects Ikhwān al-Safā’ Imagination Imaginative Resistance Immanuel Kant Immigration Immutability Impartiality Implicature Implicit Bias Impossible Worlds Imprecise Probabilities Imre Lakatos Incommensurable Values Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will Inconsistent Mathematics Independence and Large Cardinals Independence Friendly Logic Indexicals Indicative Conditionals Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics Inductive Logic Infinitary Logic Infinite Regress Arguments Infinity Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic Thought Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West Informal Logic Information Information Processing and Thermodynamic Entropy Information Technology and Moral Values Informed Consent Inheritance Systems Innateness and Contemporary Theories of Cognition Innateness and Language Inner Speech Insolubles Instrumental Rationality Integrity Intellectual Property Intensional Logic Intensional Transitive Verbs Intention Intentionality Intentionality in Ancient Philosophy Intergenerational Justice Internalist vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic Justification International Distributive Justice Internet Research Ethics Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning Interpretations of Probability Intersections Between Analytic and Continental Feminism Intersections Between Pragmatist and Continental Feminism Intertheory Relations in Physics Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value Introspection Intuition Intuitionism in Ethics Intuitionism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Intuitionistic Logic Intuitionistic Type Theory Inverted Qualia Iris Murdoch Isaac Albalag Isaac Israeli Isaac Newton Isaac Polqar Isaiah Berlin Jacques Derrida Jacques Lacan Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples Jacques Maritain Jaina Philosophy James Mill James of Viterbo James Ward Jane Addams Jan Łukasiewicz Japanese Aesthetics Japanese Confucian Philosophy Japanese Philosophy Japanese Pure Land Philosophy Japanese Zen Buddhist Philosophy Jayarāśi Jean-Baptiste Du Bos Jean-Paul Sartre Jean Baudrillard Jean Bodin Jean François Lyotard Jean Jacques Rousseau Jeremy Bentham Joane Petrizi Johannes Clauberg Johannes Kepler Johannes Sharpe Johann Friedrich Herbart Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Sturm John Anderson John Austin John Buridan John Cook Wilson John Dewey John Duns Scotus John Italos John Langshaw Austin John Locke John M. E. McTaggart John Niemeyer Findlay John Norris John of Salisbury John Philoponus John Rawls John Scottus Eriugena John Stuart Mill John Wyclif Jonathan Edwards José Ortega y Gasset Joseph Albo Joseph Butler’s Moral Philosophy Joseph Kaspi Josiah Royce Juan Luis Vives [Joannes Ludovicus Vives] Judah Abrabanel Judah Halevi Jürgen Habermas Jury Theorems Justice Justice, Inequality, and Health Justice and Access to Health Care Justice and Bad Luck Justice as a Virtue Justification Logic Justus Lipsius Kant and Hume on Causality Kant and Hume on Morality Kantian Conceptualism/Nonconceptualism Kant’s Account of Reason Kant’s Aesthetics and Teleology Kant’s Critique of Metaphysics Kant’s Moral Philosophy Kant’s Philosophical Development Kant’s Philosophy of Mathematics Kant’s Philosophy of Religion Kant’s Philosophy of Science Kant’s Social and Political Philosophy Kant’s Theory of Judgment Kant’s Transcendental Arguments Kant’s Transcendental Idealism Kant’s View of the Mind and Consciousness of Self Kant’s Views on Space and Time Karl Jaspers Karl Leonhard Reinhold Karl Marx Karl Popper Kazimierz Twardowski Kinds and Origins of Evil Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description Knowledge How Korean Buddhism Korean Confucianism Korean Philosophy Kumārila Kurt Gödel Kūkai Lady Anne Conway Lady Damaris Masham Lambert of Auxerre Language and Testimony in Classical Indian Philosophy Laozi Large Cardinals and Determinacy Latin American Feminism Latin American Philosophy Latin American Philosophy: Metaphilosophical Foundations Latinx Philosophy Law and Ideology Law and Language Laws of Nature Legal Interpretation Legal Interpretivism Legalism in Chinese Philosophy Legal Obligation and Authority Legal Positivism Legal Probabilism Legal Punishment Legal Rights Leibniz on Causation Leibniz on the Problem of Evil Leibniz’s Ethics Leibniz’s Exoteric Philosophy Leibniz’s Influence on 19th Century Logic Leibniz’s Influence on Kant Leibniz’s Modal Metaphysics Leibniz’s Philosophy of Mind Leibniz’s Philosophy of Physics Leo Strauss Leucippus Levels of Organization in Biology Liar Paradox Liberal Feminism Liberalism Liberalism in Latin America Libertarianism Life Linear Logic Literary Forms of Medieval Philosophy Location and Mereology Locke On Freedom Locke on Medicine Locke on Personal Identity Locke on Real Essence Locke’s Moral Philosophy Locke’s Philosophy of Science Locke’s Political Philosophy Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence Logical Consequence Logical Constants Logical Constructions Logical Empiricism Logical Form Logical Pluralism Logical Truth Logic and Games Logic and Information Logic and Language in Early Chinese Philosophy Logic and Ontology Logic and Probability Logic in Classical Indian Philosophy Logicism and Neologicism Logic of Belief Revision Logics for Analyzing Games Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury] Lorenzo Valla Louis Althusser Louis de La Forge Love Loyalty Lucretius Lucrezia Marinella Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach Ludwig Wittgenstein Ludwik Fleck Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer Luther’s Influence on Philosophy Lvov-Warsaw School Madeleine de Scudéry Madhyamaka Maimonides Malebranche’s Theory of Ideas and Vision in God Mally’s Deontic Logic Many-Sorted Logic Many-Valued Logic Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Marcus Aurelius Margarete Susman Margaret Fell Margaret Fuller Margaret Lucas Cavendish Maria Montessori Marin Mersenne Markets Marriage and Domestic Partnership Marsilio Ficino Marsilius of Inghen Marsilius of Padua Martin Buber Martin Heidegger Martin Luther Mary Astell Mary Shepherd Mary Wollstonecraft Material Constitution Mathematical Explanation Mathematical Style Maurice Merleau-Ponty Max Horkheimer Max Scheler Max Stirner Max Weber Meaning Holism Measurement in Science Mechanisms in Science Medieval Mereology Medieval Philosophy Medieval Political Philosophy Medieval Semiotics Medieval Skepticism Medieval Theories: Properties of Terms Medieval Theories of Analogy Medieval Theories of Causation Medieval Theories of Conscience Medieval Theories of Consequence Medieval Theories of Demonstration Medieval Theories of Future Contingents Medieval Theories of Haecceity Medieval Theories of Modality Medieval Theories of Obligationes Medieval Theories of Practical Reason Medieval Theories of Relations Medieval Theories of Singular Terms Medieval Theories of the Categories Medieval Theories of the Emotions Medieval Theories of the Syllogism Medieval Theories of Transcendentals Meister Eckhart Memory Mencius Mental Causation Mental Disorder (Illness) Mental Imagery Mental Representation Mental Representation in Medieval Philosophy Mereology Meritocracy Metaepistemology Metaethics Metaphor Metaphysical Explanation Metaphysical Grounding Metaphysics Metaphysics in Chinese Philosophy Method and Metaphysics in Plato’s Sophist and Statesman Methodological Holism in the Social Sciences Methodological Individualism Methods in Comparative Cognition Mexican Existentialism Michael Oakeshott Michel de Montaigne Michel Foucault Michel Henry Mill’s Moral and Political Philosophy Mind (Heart-Mind) in Chinese Philosophy Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy Miracles Modal Fictionalism Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics Modal Logic Models in Science Model Theory Modern Confucianism Modern Origins of Modal Logic Modesty and Humility Modularity of Mind Mohism Mohist Canons Molecular Biology Molecular Genetics Molyneux’s Problem Monism Monotheism Montague Semantics Moore’s Moral Philosophy Moral Anti-Realism Moral Arguments for the Existence of God Moral Character Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism Moral Decision-Making Under Uncertainty Moral Demands and Permissions/Prerogatives Moral Dilemmas Moral Disagreement Moral Epistemology Morality and Evolutionary Biology Moral Luck Moral Motivation Moral Naturalism Moral Non-Naturalism Moral Particularism Moral Particularism and Moral Generalism Moral Phenomenology Moral Psychology: Empirical Approaches Moral Realism Moral Reasoning Moral Relativism Moral Responsibility Moral Responsibility and the Principle of Alternative Possibilities Moral Sentimentalism Moral Skepticism Moral Theory Moral Vegetarianism Moritz Schlick Moses Mendelssohn Mulla Sadra Multiculturalism Multiple Realizability Mysticism Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy Nāgārjuna Names Narrow Mental Content Nationalism Natural Deduction Systems in Logic Naturalism Naturalism in Classical Indian Philosophy Naturalism in Epistemology Naturalism in Legal Philosophy Naturalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction Natural Kinds Natural Language Ontology Natural Law Theories Natural Philosophy in the Renaissance Natural Properties Natural Selection Natural Theology and Natural Religion Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Needs in Moral and Political Philosophy Negation Négritude Nelson Goodman Neo-Daoism Neo-Kantianism Neoliberalism Neoplatonism Neuroethics Neutral Monism Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Newton’s Philosophy Newton’s Views on Space, Time, and Motion Niccolò Machiavelli Nicholas of Autrecourt Nicolai Hartmann Nicolas Malebranche Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Taurellus Nicole Oresme Nietzsche’s Aesthetics Nietzsche’s Life and Works Nietzsche’s Moral and Political Philosophy Nineteenth Century Geometry Nishida Kitarō Nominalism in Metaphysics Nominalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Non-Deductive Methods in Mathematics Non-monotonic Logic Non-wellfounded Set Theory Nonconceptual Mental Content Nonexistent Objects Normative Economics and Economic Justice Normative Theories of Rational Choice: Expected Utility Normative Theories of Rational Choice: Rivals to Expected Utility Normativity in Metaethics Nothingness Numenius Object Obligations to Oneself Occasionalism Olympiodorus Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Ontological Arguments Ontological Commitment Ontological Dependence Ontology and Information Systems Operationalism Optimality-Theoretic and Game-Theoretic Approaches to Implicature Ordinary Objects Origen Original Position Other Minds Ottobah Cugoano Otto Neurath Pacifism Pain Panentheism Panpsychism Pantheism Paraconsistent Logic Paradoxes and Contemporary Logic Paradox of Tragedy Parenthood and Procreation Parmenides Pascal’s Wager Paternalism Patriotism Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d’Holbach Paul Feyerabend Paul Grice Paul Natorp Paul of Venice Paul Ricoeur Peirce’s Deductive Logic Peirce’s Theory of Signs Perceptual Experience and Concepts in Classical Indian Philosophy Perceptual Experience and Perceptual Justification Perceptual Learning Perfect Goodness Perfectionism in Moral and Political Philosophy Personal Autonomy Personal Identity Personal Identity and Ethics Personalism Personal Relationship Goods Personhood in Classical Indian Philosophy Peter Abelard Peter Auriol Peter Damian Peter Frederick Strawson Peter John Olivi Petitionary Prayer Petrus Ramus Phenomenal Intentionality Phenomenological Approaches to Ethics and Information Technology Phenomenological Approaches to Self-Consciousness Phenomenology Phenomenology of Religion Philanthropy Philippa Foot Philip the Chancellor Philodemus Philolaus Philo of Alexandria Philo of Larissa Philosophical Approaches to Work and Labor Philosophical Aspects of Multi-Modal Logic Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory Philosophy and Christian Theology Philosophy for Children Philosophy in Han Dynasty China Philosophy in Mexico Philosophy of Architecture Philosophy of Biology Philosophy of Biology in Latin America Philosophy of Biomedicine Philosophy of Cell Biology Philosophy of Chemistry Philosophy of Contract Law Philosophy of Cosmology Philosophy of Economics Philosophy of Education Philosophy of Film Philosophy of History Philosophy of Humor Philosophy of Immunology Philosophy of International Law Philosophy of Liberation Philosophy of Linguistics Philosophy of Macroevolution Philosophy of Mathematics Philosophy of Medicine Philosophy of Microbiology Philosophy of Money and Finance Philosophy of Psychiatry Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Science in Latin America Philosophy of Sport Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics Philosophy of Statistics Philosophy of Systems and Synthetic Biology Philosophy of Technology Philosophy of Theater Phylogenetic Inference Physicalism Pierre Bayle Pierre Duhem Pierre Gassendi Pietro Pomponazzi Plato Platonism in Metaphysics Platonism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Plato on Friendship and Eros Plato on Knowledge in the Theaetetus Plato on Rhetoric and Poetry Plato’s Aesthetics Plato’s Cratylus Plato’s Ethics: An Overview Plato’s Ethics and Politics in The Republic Plato’s Laws Plato’s Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology Plato’s Myths Plato’s Parmenides Plato’s Shorter Ethical Works Plato’s Timaeus Pleasure Plotinus Pluralist Theories of Truth Plural Quantification Plutarch Political Legitimacy Political Obligation Political Realism in International Relations Political Representation Population Genetics Pornography and Censorship Porphyry Port Royal Logic Positive and Negative Liberty Possible Objects Possible Worlds Postmodernism Practical Reason Practical Reason and the Structure of Actions Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God Pragmatics Pragmatism Pragmatist Feminism Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning Prediction versus Accommodation Preference Logic Preferences Pregnancy, Birth, and Medicine Presentism Presocratic Philosophy Presupposition Primary and Secondary Qualities in Early Modern Philosophy Primitivist Theories of Truth Principia Mathematica Principle of Sufficient Reason Prioritarianism as a Theory of Value Prisoner’s Dilemma Privacy Privacy and Information Technology Privacy and Medicine Private Language Probabilistic Causation Probability in Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy Process Philosophy Process Theism Proclus Progress Promises Proof-Theoretic Semantics Proof Theory Properties Property and Ownership Prophecy Propositional Attitude Reports Propositional Dynamic Logic Propositional Function Propositional Logic Propositions Protagoras Provability Logic Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite Psychoanalytic Feminism Psychologism Public Goods Public Health Ethics Publicity Public Justification Public Reason Pufendorf’s Moral and Political Philosophy Pyrrho Pythagoras Pythagoreanism Qing Philosophy Qualia Qualia: The Knowledge Argument Quantifiers and Quantification Quantum-Bayesian and Pragmatist Views of Quantum Theory Quantum Approaches to Consciousness Quantum Computing Quantum Entanglement and Information Quantum Field Theory Quantum Gravity Quantum Logic and Probability Theory Quantum Mechanics Quantum Theory and Mathematical Rigor Questions Quine’s New Foundations Quotation Race Radulphus Brito Ralph Cudworth Ralph Waldo Emerson Ramon Llull Ramsey and Intergenerational Welfare Economics Rationalism vs. Empiricism Realism Realism and Anti-Realism about Metaphysics Realism and Theory Change in Science Reason and Religious Commitment Reasoning About Power in Games Reasons for Action: Agent-Neutral vs. Agent-Relative Reasons for Action: Internal vs. External Reasons for Action: Justification, Motivation, Explanation Recognition Reconciliation Recursive Functions Redistribution Reductionism in Biology Reference Reflective Equilibrium Regularity and Inferential Theories of Causation Reichenbach’s Common Cause Principle Reid on Memory and Personal Identity Reid’s Ethics Reism Relational Quantum Mechanics Relations Relative Identity Relativism Relevance Logic Reliabilist Epistemology Religion and Morality in Western Philosophy Religion and Political Theory Religion and Science Religious Daoism Religious Diversity (Pluralism) Religious Experience Religious Language René Descartes Replication and Reproduction Representational Theories of Consciousness Reproducibility of Scientific Results Republicanism Respect Retributive Justice Retrocausality in Quantum Mechanics Reverse Mathematics Revolution Richard FitzRalph Richard Kilvington Richard Mervyn Hare Richard Price Richard Rorty Richard Sylvan [Routley] Richard the Sophister Rights Rigid Designators Risk Robert Alyngton Robert Boyle Robert Desgabets Robert Grosseteste Robert Holkot Robert Kilwardby Robert Nozick’s Political Philosophy Robin George Collingwood Roderick Chisholm Roger Bacon Roman Ingarden Rosa Luxemburg Rudolf Carnap Rule-Following and Intentionality Rule Consequentialism Russellian Monism Russell’s Logical Atomism Russell’s Moral Philosophy Russell’s Paradox Ruth Barcan Marcus Saadya [Saadiah] Śāntarakṣita Śāntideva Sakya Paṇḍita [sa skya paṇ ḍi ta] Salomon Maimon Samuel Alexander Samuel Clarke Samuel Ibn Tibbon Śaṅkara Schema School of Names School of Salamanca Schopenhauer’s Aesthetics Science and Chinese Philosophy Science and Pseudo-Science Scientific Discovery Scientific Method Scientific Objectivity Scientific Pluralism Scientific Progress Scientific Realism Scientific Reduction Scientific Representation Scientific Research and Big Data Scientific Revolutions Scottish Philosophy in the 18th Century Scottish Philosophy in the 19th Century Search Engines and Ethics Secession Second-order and Higher-order Logic Self-Consciousness Self-Deception Self-Defense Self-Knowledge Self-Locating Beliefs Self-Reference and Paradox Semantic Conceptions of Information Seneca Sense Data Sentence Connectives in Formal Logic Set Theory Set Theory: Constructive and Intuitionistic ZF Seventeenth-Century Theories of Consciousness Sex and Sexuality Sextus Empiricus Shared Agency Shem Tov Ibn Falaquera Sidney Hook Sign Language Semantics Sikh Philosophy Simone de Beauvoir Simone Weil Simon of Faversham Simplicity Simplicius Simpson’s Paradox Singularities and Black Holes Singular Propositions Sin in Christian Thought Situations in Natural Language Semantics Skeptical Theism Skepticism Skepticism About Moral Responsibility Skepticism in Latin America Skolem’s Paradox Social and Political Thought in Chinese Philosophy Social Choice Theory Social Epistemology Social Institutions Socialism Social Minimum Social Networking and Ethics Social Norms Social Ontology Sociobiology Socrates Solidarity in Social and Political Philosophy Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Avicebron] Song-Ming Confucianism Sophie de Grouchy Sophismata Søren Kierkegaard Sorites Paradox Sortals Sounds Sovereignty Space and Time: Inertial Frames Special Obligations Species Speech Acts Speusippus Spinoza’s Epistemology and Philosophy of Mind Spinoza’s Modal Metaphysics Spinoza’s Physical Theory Spinoza’s Political Philosophy Spinoza’s Psychological Theory Spinoza’s Theory of Attributes Śrīgupta Śrīharṣa Stanisław Leśniewski States of Affairs Stoicism Structuralism in Physics Structuralism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Structural Rationality Structural Realism Structured Propositions Substance Substructural Logics Suhrawardi Suicide Supererogation Supertasks Supervenience Supervenience in Ethics Susanne Langer Susan Stebbing Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking Syrianus Tarski’s Truth Definitions Teleological Arguments for God’s Existence Teleological Notions in Biology Teleological Theories of Mental Content Temporal Consciousness Temporal Logic Temporal Parts Tense and Aspect Territorial Rights and Territorial Justice Terrorism The Algebra of Logic Tradition The Analysis of Knowledge The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction The Axiom of Choice The Cambridge Platonists The Capability Approach The Chinese Room Argument The Church-Turing Thesis The Coherence Theory of Truth The Common Good The Computational Theory of Mind The Concept of Emotion in Classical Indian Philosophy The Concept of Evil The Concept of Religion The Concept of the Aesthetic The Consistent Histories Approach to Quantum Mechanics The Contents of Perception The Continuum Hypothesis The Correspondence Theory of Truth The Cyrenaics The Definition of Art The Definition of Death The Definition of Lying and Deception The Definition of Morality The Development of Intuitionistic Logic The Development of Proof Theory The Disjunctive Theory of Perception The Distinction Between Innate and Acquired Characteristics The Donation and Sale of Human Eggs and Sperm The Donation of Human Organs The Early Development of Set Theory The Economic Analysis of Law The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory The Emergence of First-Order Logic The Emotions in Early Chinese Philosophy The Epistemic Basing Relation The Epistemic Condition for Moral Responsibility The Epistemology of Modality The Epistemology of Religion The Epistemology of Visual Thinking in Mathematics The Epsilon Calculus The Equivalence of Mass and Energy The Ergodic Hierarchy The Ethics and Rationality of Voting The Ethics of Abortion The Ethics of Belief The Ethics of Clinical Research The Ethics of Cultural Heritage The Ethics of Manipulation The Frame Problem The Free Rider Problem The Frege-Hilbert Controversy The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction The Grounds of Moral Status The Historical Controversies Surrounding Innateness The History of Feminism: Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet The History of Utilitarianism The Hole Argument The Human Genome Project The Identity of Indiscernibles The Identity Theory of Truth The Incommensurability of Scientific Theories The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides The Kochen-Specker Theorem The Kokugaku (Native Japan Studies) School The Kyoto School The Lambda Calculus The Language of Thought Hypothesis The Legal Concept of Evidence The Liar Paradox in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy The Limits of Law The Literal-Nonliteral Distinction in Classical Indian Philosophy The Logic of Action The Logic of Conditionals The Logic of Mass Expressions The Logic of Peter of Spain The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra The Meaning of Life The Medieval Problem of Universals The Metaphysics of Causation The Metaphysics of Mass Expressions The Mind/Brain Identity Theory The Modern History of Computing The Moral/Conventional Distinction The Moral Status of Animals The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics The Nature of Law The Neuroscience of Consciousness The Nonidentity Problem The Normative Status of Logic The Normativity of Meaning and Content The Notation in Principia Mathematica Theodicies Theodor W. Adorno Theological Voluntarism Theophrastus Theoretical Terms in Science Theories of Biological Development Theories of Criminal Law Theories of Meaning Theories of the Common Law of Torts Theory and Bioethics Theory and Observation in Science The Paradox of Suspense The Phenomenology of the Munich and Göttingen Circles The Philosophy of Childhood The Philosophy of Computer Science The Philosophy of Dance The Philosophy of Digital Art The Philosophy of Mathematical Practice The Philosophy of Music The Philosophy of Neuroscience The Possibilism-Actualism Debate The Pragmatic Theory of Truth The Principle of Beneficence in Applied Ethics The Problem of Dirty Hands The Problem of Evil The Problem of Induction The Problem of Perception The Problem of the Many The Psychology of Normative Cognition The Pure Theory of Law The Repugnant Conclusion The Revision Theory of Truth Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics The Rule of Law The Sale of Human Organs The Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge The Sophists The St. Petersburg Paradox The Structure of Scientific Theories The Textual Transmission of the Aristotelian Corpus The Theology of Aristotle The Theory of Two Truths in India The Theory of Two Truths in Tibet The Traditional Square of Opposition The Turing Test The Uncertainty Principle The Unity of Consciousness The Unity of Science The Value of Knowledge Thick Ethical Concepts Thomas Aquinas Thomas Hill Green Thomas Hobbes Thomas Jefferson Thomas Kuhn Thomas More Thomas of Erfurt Thomas Paine Thomas Reid Thought Experiments Tiantai Buddhism Tibetan Epistemology and Philosophy of Language Time Time Machines Time Travel Time Travel and Modern Physics Timon of Phlius Toleration Tommaso Campanella Torture Touch Transcendental Arguments Transcendentalism Transformative Experience Transitional Justice Translating and Interpreting Chinese Philosophy Transmission of Justification and Warrant Trans Philosophy Transworld Identity Treating Persons as Means Trinity Tropes Trust Truth Truthlikeness Truthmakers Truth Values Tsongkhapa Turing Machines Two-Dimensional Semantics Typelogical Grammar Types and Tokens Type Theory Umar Khayyam Underdetermination of Scientific Theory Understanding Units and Levels of Selection Vagueness Value Pluralism Value Theory Varieties of Modality Vasubandhu Vienna Circle Virtue Epistemology Virtue Ethics Voltaire Voluntary Euthanasia Voting Methods W.E.B. Du Bois Walter Benjamin Walter Burley Walter Chatton Wang Yangming War Watsuji Tetsurō Weakness of Will Weighing Reasons Well-Being Wesley Salmon Wilfrid Sellars Wilhelm Dilthey Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm Windelband Willard Van Orman Quine William Crathorn William David Ross William Godwin William Heytesbury William James William of Auvergne William of Champeaux William of Ockham William of Sherwood William Penbygull William Stanley Jevons William Whewell Wisdom Wittgenstein’s Aesthetics Wittgenstein’s Logical Atomism Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Mathematics Word Meaning World Government Xenocrates Xenophanes Xunzi Yeshayahu Leibowitz Yogācāra Zeno of Elea Zeno’s Paradoxes Zermelo’s Axiomatization of Set Theory Zhuangzi Zhu Xi Zombies
